History of Biomedical Research - 1990's

Animal Research Was Essential in the Following Developments:

• Development of intravascular oxygenator
• Development and refinement of vaccine against Lyme disease
• Gene therapy for advanced melanoma
• Advanced organ transplant techniques
• Alleviation of some neurological symptoms of Parkinson's disease
• Breakthroughs in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
• Understanding of chemical communication between cells
• Advances in genetic therapy and treatment of genetic diseases (with greater potential for future treatment of diseases such as cystic fibrosis)
• Advances in surgical techniques (such as those incorporating lasers)

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Nobel Prizes in Medicine Which Involved Animal Models:

Year	Scientist/s	Animal/s Used	Contribution Made
1990	Murray, Thomas	Dog	Organ transplantation techniques
1991	Neher, Sakmann	Frog	Chemical communication between cells
1992	Fischer, Krebs	Rabbit	Regulatory mechanism in cells
1995	Lewis, Wieschaus, Nusslein-Volhard	Fruit flies	Genetic control of early structural development
1996	Doherty, Zinkernage	Mouse	Immune-system detection of virus-infected cells
1997	Prusiner	Hamster, mouse	Discovery and characterization of prions